Composition of SoftDrinks A Guide to our soft-drinks
ATUL ANAND CLASS: 12 “G” ROLL: 13 LEDGER NO: 56169 BOARD ROLL NO: _____________________ ____
PROJECT OF CHEMISTRY (201415)
Certificate It is hereby to certify that, an original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by ATUL ANAND of 12 “G” possessing Roll no- 13 and Ledger no: 56169 Of Acharya Sudarshan Patna Central School, regarding his project ‘Soft Drinks- Let’s See what you Drink’
____________ ____________________ Grade
Date
____________ Teacher’s sign
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Acknowledgement It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to My Chemistry Teacher Mr. S.N Singh in providing a helping hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project titled “‘Soft Drinks- Let’s See what you Drink”, are responsible for attaining its present form.
ATUL ANAND
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Contents             
Purpose, Aim Introduction Theory Apparatus Chemicals required Detection of pH Test for Carbon Dioxide Test for Glucose Test for Phosphate Test for Alcohol Test for Sucrose Result Conclusion
Purpose In recent days, soft drink brands were put into various questions regarding their purity. News flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which arouse many interest in knowing its contents because I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to confirm that whether the charge impose on these brands are true or not. Another fact which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch with qualitative PAGE 3
analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.
AIM “Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different brands of cold drinks available in market”
Introduction The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the indianization of industry marked its beginning with launching of limca and goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like pepsi and coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give PAGE 4
feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.
Theory Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body.
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General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and free dose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
APPARATUS Required Test tube Test tube holder Test tube stand Stop watch Beaker Burner pH paper tripod stand China dish Wire gauge Water bath
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CHEMICALS REQUIRED Ø Iodine solution Ø Potassium iodine Ø Sodium hydroxide Ø Fehling’s A & B solution Ø Lime water Ø Concentrated HNO3 Ø Benedict solution Ø Ammonium molybdate
Experiment 1.
Detection of pH
1-2 drops of the sample of cold drink of each brand was taken and put on the pH paper. The change in the color of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale. . S No
Name of Drink
Colour Change
PH Value
1
Coca Cola
Pink
1-2
2
Sprite
Orange
3
3
Limca
Pinkish
3-4
4
Fanta
Light
2-3 PAGE 7
INFERENCE Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.
2. Test for Carbon Dioxide As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.
Observation S No
Name of the Drink
Time Taken (s) Conclusion
1
Coca Cola
26.5
Co2 Present
2
Sprite
21
Co2 Present
3
Limca
35
Co2 Present
4
Fanta
36
Co2 PAGE 8
Present INFERENCE All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2(g) ———–CaCO3 (s) + H2O(s)
3.Test for Glucose Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:a. BENIDICTS’S SOLUTION TEST:A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks. OBSERVATON
Sno Name of the drink
Observation
Conclusion
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1
Coca Cola
Reddish Colour Glucose Present
2
Sprite
Reddish Colour Glucose Present
3
Limca
Reddish Colour Glucose Present
4
Fanta
Reddish Colour Glucose Present
INFERENCE All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
b. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks. OBSERVATON Sno Name of the drink
Observation
Conclusion
1
Coca Cola
Reddish Colour ppt.
Glucose Present
2
Sprite
Reddish Colour ppt.
Glucose Present
3
Limca
Reddish Colour ppt.
Glucose Present
4
Fanta
Reddish Colour ppt.
Glucose Present PAGE 10
INFERENCE All the samples give positive test for glucose with Fehling’s solutions (A&B).Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
4. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE Sample of each brand of cold drink was taken in a separate test tube and ammonium molybdate followed by concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added to it, the solution was taken heated and the color of the precipitate confirms the presence of phosphate ions.
OBSERVATON Sno Name of the drink
Observation
Conclusion
1
Coca Cola
Canary Yellow ppt.
Phosphate Present
2
Sprite
Canary Yellow ppt.
Phosphate Present
3
Limca
Canary Yellow ppt.
Phosphate Present
4
Fanta
Canary Yellow ppt.
Phosphate Present
INFERENCE PAGE 11
All the soft drinks contain phosphate ions which are detected by the presence of phosphate when canary yellow obtained.
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED NaHPO4 + 12 (NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 +3H+———–(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 +21HN4NO3 +12H2O
5. TEST FOR ALCOHOL Samples of each brand of cold drinks are taken in sample test tube and iodine followed by potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is added to each test tube. Then the test tube are heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes yellow colored precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks
OBSERVATON Sno Name of the drink
Observation
Conclusion
1
Coca Cola
Yellow ppt.
Alcohol Present
2
Sprite
Yellow ppt.
Alcohol Present
3
Limca
Yellow ppt.
Alcohol Present
4
Fanta
Yellow ppt.
Alcohol Present
INFERENCE All the Brands of Cold Drinks Contain Alcohol.
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED PAGE 12
CH3CH2OH +4I2+ 6NaOH——àCHI3 + HCOONa +5NaI +5H2O
6. TEST FOR SUCROSE 5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks was taken in a china dish and heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored residue left confirms the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.
OBSERVATON Sno Name of the drink
Observation
Conclusion
1
Coca Cola
Black Residue
Sucrose Present
2
Sprite
Black Residue
Sucrose Present
3
Limca
Black Residue
Sucrose Present
4
Fanta
Black Residue
Sucrose Present
INFERENCE All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contained highest amount of sucrose
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Result After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely 1. Coca cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta All contain glucose, alcohol sucrose, phosphate, ions and carbon dioxide. All are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands coca cola is most acidic and limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken. pH value of coca cola is nearly equal to disinfectant which is harmful for body.
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CARBON DIOXIDE Among the four samples of cold drinks taken –sprite has maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and fanta has minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. Conclusion
DISADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS 1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause “diabetes”. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling. 3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones. 4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. 6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.
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Uses of cold drinks 1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. 2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. 3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. 4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from clothes. 5. They can lose a rusted bolt.
Bibliography PAGE 16
The following resources which helped 1. Evergreen Lab Manual 2. Ncert Textbook 3. Cengage Organic Chemistry Part 2 4. Britannica encyclopedia
The Following websites which helped 1. www.Google.co.in 2. En.wikipedia.com 3. Googleearth.com 4. Cbse.nic.in
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BHAGWATI INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL Dr. Indu Dayal Meshri Primary English School
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON “ Logic Gates ”
Guided by: - Mr. Sandeep Darji Submitted by: - Rohan .D. Patel Roll no: -
This is to certify that Mr. Rohan Patel student of XII science Roll no ___________worked on project titled“Logic Gates” held in Bhagwati International Public School during the academic year 2016-2017. He worked sincerely under the guidance of faculties and prepared this dissertation.
External Teacher
Principal
Subject Teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his blessings and grace without which I could not have undertaken this task and my efforts would never have been a success. I humbly consider a privilege and honor to express my heartiest and profound gratitude to Mr. Rajendra.S. Malwal, principal BIPS, Patan. For his appropriate direction, valuable suggestion, under judging assistance so generously extended to me. I wish to express my deepest feelings of gratitude to Mr. Sandeep Darji, physics department, BIPS Patan. For his erudite involvement and sustained guidance which has been pivotal in my project work. His minute observation, precious insights, critical comments have indeed greatly helped to shape my ideas. This guidance and support received from my entire classmates who contributed and who are contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this project. I am grateful for their constant support and help. I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for encouragement and support throughout the project.
- ROHAN PATEL
Content’s. Sr.no
Title
Page no.
1
Introduction
1
2
Principle
2
3
Basic Gates
3
4
The OR Gate
5
5
The AND Gate
7
6
The NOT Gate
9
7
The NOR Gate
11
8
The NAND Gate
13
9
The EX-OR Gate
15
10
The EX-NOR Gate
17
11
Conclusion
19
12
Bibliography
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Introduction. GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or stop it.  The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.  Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
Boolean Algebra: - The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statement which are followed by logical gates.
1
Principle. Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and a N-PN transistor. We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS. 1
0
High
Low
Positive
Negative
On
Off
Close
Open
Conducting
Non-Conducting
Right
Wrong
True
False
Yes
No
2
Basic Gates. The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
3
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. ̅=𝒀 The Boolean expression: 𝑨 This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
- Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers. - Logic gates can also store information.
4
The OR Gate. Aim: To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.
Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction: An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2.
Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the above circuit: (i)
If the switch A and B are kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
6
The AND Gate. Aim: TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:  Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)  A resistance R.
Theory and Construction: An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth.
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The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of this circuit: (i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does not glow., hence Y=0. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
8
The NOT Gate. Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.
Components: An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction: A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.
The base of the transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
9
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) (ii)
If the switch A is kept open(A=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 If the switch A is kept closed(A=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
OUTPUT Y
0
1
1
0
10
The NOR Gate. Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Component:  Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).  An ideal n-p-n transistor
Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
11
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as: (𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴 + 𝐵) And is being read as “A or B negated”.
Th following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows, hence Y=0. If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
12
The NAND Gate. Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:  Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 and D2)  A resistance R  An ideal n-p-n transistor
Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
13
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as: (𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴. 𝐵 ) And is being read as ‘A and B negated’.
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit: (i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1 If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows, hence Y=1 If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
14
The EX-OR Gate. Aim: TO DESIGNA AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:  Two AND gates  An OR gate  Two NOT gate
Theory and Construction: The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and if both are identical, then output Y=0. This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EX-OR.
15
In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is expressed as: (𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow, hence Y=1 If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
16
The EX-NOR Gate. Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:  Two AND gates  And OR gate  Three NOT gates
Theory and Components: The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively in the value of the two signals A and B. it means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EX-NOR.
17
In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is expressed as (𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ ⋅ 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: (v)
If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1
TRUTH TABLE: Input A
Input B
OUTPUT
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
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Conclusion. Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because we can construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR gates.
Without logic gates, electronic world would be nearly incomplete!
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Bibliography. This project would be nearly incomplete if I had not used the information given in the following websites. My special thanks to the uploader of information on these websites. If considered, I have used everything that GOOGLE shows me…….
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