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A Systematic View of Remote Sensing
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1.2.5 Data Characteristics
The specifications of the platform and the sensor determine the resolutions of the remotely sensed data: spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric.
1.2.5.1 Spatial Resolution
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Spatial resolution is a measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor, or the ground area imaged for the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the sensor, or the linear dimension on the ground represented by each pixel. Figure 1.3 shows the campus of the University of Maryland at College Park at four different spatial resolutions. Table 1.4 shows the spatial resolution of some common sensors.
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TABLE 1.4. The basic characteristics of some commonly used sensors
Satellite sensors | Spectral bands | Spatial resolution (m) | Radiometric resolution (bits) | Temporal resolution (day) | Temporal coverage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse resolution (> 1000 m) | POLDER | B1-B9 | 6∗7 | 12 | 4 | POLDER 1: October 1996 to June 1997 POLDER2: April to October 2003 |
Medium resolution (100–1000 m) | MODIS | B1-b2 | 250 | 12 | daily | 1999 |
B3-b7 | 500 | |||||
B8-b36 | 1000 | |||||
AVHRR | B1-B5 | 1100 at nadir | 10 | daily | ||
Fine resolution (5-100 m) | ALI/EO1 | |||||
ASTER/Terra | B1 | 15 | 8 | |||
B2-B9 | 30 | |||||
B11-B14 | 90 | 12 | ||||
ETM+/Landsat7 | Pan | 15 | 8 | 16 | 1999- | |
B1-B5,B7 | 30 | |||||
B6 | 60 | |||||
HRV/SPOT5 | Pan | 2.5 or 5 | 8 | 26/2.4 | 2002- | |
B1-B3 | 10 | |||||
SW-IR | 20 | |||||
Very high resolution (< 5 m) | Ikonos | Panchromatic band | 0.82 at nadir | 11 | 3 days at 40° latitude | 1999- |
B1-b4 | 3.2 at nadir | |||||
Quickbird | Pan | 0.61 | 11 | 1-3.5 | 2001- | |
B1-B4 | 2.44 | |||||
World view | pan | 0.5 at nadir | 11 | 1.7-5.9 | 2007- | |
Geoeye-1 | pan | 1.41 at nadir | 11 | 2.1-8.3 days at 40° latitude | 2008- | |
B1-B4 | 1.65 at nadir |
1.2.5.2 Spectral Resolution
The spectral resolution describes the number and width of spectral bands in a sensor system. Many sensor systems have a panchromatic band, which is one single wide band in the visible spectrum, and multispectral bands in the visible-near-IR or thermal-IR spectrum (see Table 1.4). Hyperspectral systems usually have hundreds of spectral narrow bands; for example, Hyperion on EO-1 satellite has 220 bands at 30-m spatial resolution.
1.2.5.3 Temporal Resolution
Temporal resolution is a measure of the repeat cycle or frequency with which a sensor revisits the same part of the Earth’s surface. The frequency characteristics are determined by the design of the satellite sensor and its orbit pattern. The temporal resolutions of common sensors are also shown in Table 1.4.
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1.2.5.4 Radiometric Resolution
Radiometric resolution refers to the dynamic range, or the number of different output numbers in each band of data, and is determined by the number of bits into which the recorded radiation is divided. In 8-bit data, the digital numbers (DN) can range from 0 to 255 for each pixel (28 = 256 total possible numbers). Obviously more bits results in higher radiometric accuracy of the sensor, as shown in Figure 1.4. The radiometric resolutions of common sensors are shown in Table 1.4.